The Cloud of Witnesses

Rabbinic

Hillel the Elder

~110 BC – 10 AD, Babylon → Jerusalem

Babylonian-born sage who came to Jerusalem in poverty and worked as a wood-cutter. Climbed onto the schoolhouse roof to listen through the skylight when he could not pay the entrance fee. Became Nasi. Founded Beit Hillel — more lenient than Beit Shammai. Instituted the prosbul. Taught the Golden Rule on one foot: "What is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbor. The rest is commentary. Go and study."

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Rabbinic

Rabbi Akiva

~50–135 CE, Roman Judea

Rabbi Akiva ben Joseph, an illiterate shepherd who began studying Torah at age 40, became the greatest sage of his generation, and died a martyr's death during the Bar Kokhba revolt. The Romans combed his flesh with iron combs as he recited the Shema. He taught that "love your neighbor as yourself" is the great principle of Torah. He did not minimize suffering; he passed through it singing.

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Rabbinic

Shammai

~50 BCE–30 CE, Jerusalem

Shammai the Elder, Hillel's great disputant and contemporary. The school of Shammai and the school of Hillel argued for generations on questions of Torah and law. The Talmud records Shammai's rulings even where it rules with Hillel, because "both are the words of the living God." He was stricter, more exacting. A man who believed the Torah's demands were real and not to be softened.

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Rabbinic

Maimonides (Rambam)

1138–1204, Córdoba → Fez → Fustat

Moses ben Maimon — rabbi, philosopher, physician to Saladin's vizier. Exiled from Córdoba by the Almohad persecution. Author of the Mishneh Torah (the comprehensive halakhic code), the Guide for the Perplexed (philosophical theology in Judeo-Arabic), the Commentary on the Mishnah, the Thirteen Principles of Faith. The Andalusi philosophical tradition's great Jewish synthesizer.

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Rabbinic

Rashi

1040–1105 CE, Troyes, France

Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (Rashi), commentator on the Torah and Talmud whose work became inseparable from the texts themselves. He wrote in clear, economical prose — no word wasted. He acknowledged when he did not know. His daughters were Torah scholars. He wrote during the First Crusade's massacres of Rhineland Jewish communities.

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Rabbinic

Baal Shem Tov

1700–1760 CE, Ukraine and Poland

Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, the Baal Shem Tov ("Master of the Good Name"), founder of Hasidic Judaism. He taught that joy, not asceticism, was the path to God, and that the simple Jew who prays with a full heart outweighs the distracted scholar. He told stories. He healed. He worked in the forests and mountains before anyone knew who he was.

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